1. 2022
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Item Coordinated Border Management and Trade Facilitation at Namanga Border, Kenya(KESRA/JKUAT, 2022) Ogutu, Catherine MogereThe purpose of this study was to establish the effect of coordinated border management on trade facilitation in Kenya, focusing on Namanga one-stop border point. Specific objectives of the study included: to establish the effect of cooperation among border agencies, coordination between border agencies, border collaboration challenges between border agencies, coexistence among border agencies, and the effect of communication among border agencies on trade facilitation at the Namanga border point. New Trade Theory and Export Base Theory were used in the study. The study adopted causal research design and a target population of 94 staff of border control agencies at Namanga Border Point. Census was used to include all of them in the study where primary data was collected using a structured questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive (frequencies & percentages) and inferential (multiple linear regression) data analysis methods. The study’s key findings indicated that there were significant challenges on coordinated border management at the Namanga border point. The study recommended the government’s creation of a harmonized business environment, effective coordination mechanism, effective policy for enhanced interagency collaboration, appropriate border control agencies coexistence structures, and working communication mechanism for helping border control agencies to always work under a more professional and friendlier environment that is favourable to effective and efficient trade facilitation at the Namanga border point. The study was important for informing the government and other state agencies on how to improve trade facilitation through properly coordinated border managementItem Factors Influencing Efficiency of Scanner Management at the Inland Container Depot in Nairobi, Kenya(KESRA/JKUAT, 2022) Kitolo, Alice NaserianGlobalization and regional economic integrations witnessed in the few decades have brought about an increase in volume of international trade. This has resulted to increased demand for higher efficiency of the logistics industry with trade facilitation being a major agenda amid growing concern on cargo security in face of terrorist threat. Customs administrations have come up with ways to modernize their systems and processes to counter the threat as they improve on their performance. The purpose of this study was to assess factors affecting performance of Scanner Management unit at Inland Container Depot, Nairobi. The specific objectives of the study were to investigate the effects of infrastructure, capacity building and system integration on the performance of Scanner management unit. The study was anchored on resource-based view theory, human capital theory and systems theory. Descriptive research design was employed in this study and the population was customs officers operating within Nairobi region. Target population was 265 customs officers in Nairobi region. Random sampling was used to obtain a representative sample size from the target population. Research instrument of structured questionnaire was used to collect primary data. Pilot test of 10% of the respondents was conducted using Cronbach’s alpha (α) to measure the reliability of the research instrument. The collected primary data was edited, coded, classified and tabulated then entered into a spreadsheet and analyzed using frequencies and percentages. Data was analyzed with the help of statistical packages for the social sciences version 25, and presented in tables, pie charts, graphs and histograms. Multiple linear regression model was used to show the hypothesized relationships between variables. The research findings indicated that independent variables accounted for 51.3 percent change in dependent variable. The F value of 58.910 showed that combined influence of all the independent variables was significant in forecasting the dependent variable. The independent variables which affected significantly the efficiency of scanner management were infrastructure (β1 = 0.314), capacity building (β2 = 0.275) and system integration (β3 = 0.202). These findings indicate that the three independent variables are significant in enhancing efficiency of scanner management at Inland Container Depot, Nairobi and may help in improving the process. The study recommends; Continuous improvement of scanner infrastructure to reduce the scanner downtime, hence improving the number of containers and the efficiency of non-intrusive verification. This will reduce the time and costs incurred in verification and clearance of cargo. Training of both the scanner operators and image analysts to be done regular basis to boost on image quality, reduce time used in submission and analysis, with objective conclusions. Training increases the staff efficiency in conducting their roles reducing clearance costs due to errors from staff. Monitoring and continuous maintenance of the integrated scanner management system and the integrated customs management system to reduce system down times for faster image analysis. Improvement in system integration will lead to faster information sharing and processing of data increasing the efficiency of managing clearance data.Item Factors Affecting Cargo Clearance Efficiency at the Port of Lamu Kenya(KESRA/JKUAT - Unpublished research project, 2022-10) Mwamutsi, David MwamutsiCustoms clearance involves the preparation of documents and/or electronic submissions, the calculation and payment of taxes, duties, and excises; and facilitating communication between government authorities and importers and exporters. The general objective of the study was to investigate the factors affecting cargo clearance efficiency at the port of Lamu Kenya. The specific objectives of the study were to establish the effect of customs officer’s knowledge on cargo clearance efficiency at the port of Lamu, to determine the effect of documentation procedures used on cargo clearance efficiency at the port of Lamu and to establish the effect of Regional Electronic Cargo Tracking System on cargo clearance efficiency at the port of Lamu. The study was anchored on three theories; Attraction-Selection-Attrition Theory, System Theory and agency theory. This study adopted descriptive research design in order to systematically and accurately describe various factors affecting cargo clearance efficiency at the port of Lamu Kenya. The target population under this study included the registered KIFWA custom agents operating at Lamu port and Customs Authority officers at the CFS/ICD gate who confirm the exit of the cargo in the customs management system, transfer document (EXIT NOTE and C2/Release order) which is generated by both the destination Partner States Customs Authorities and the host country. The population of the study was 201 with a sample size of 134 respondents. The sampling technique adopted was simple random technique. The study adopted both primary and secondary data sources in data collection. A pilot study was carried out to check for validity and reliability. Based on the findings, results indicated that there is a positive and significant relationship between customs officer’s knowledge, documentation procedures and Regional Electronic Cargo Tracking System and the cargo clearance efficiency at the port of Lamu Kenya. The study recommends that customs and customs agent’s management should initiate a policy of providing collaborative opportunities for the development Customs agents. Secondly, there should be an integrative approach that takes into consideration all the administrative and commercial aspects of the matter within the framework of a facilitation programme aimed at minimizing formalities, simplifying and streamlining procedures, and harmonizing and standardizing documents. Lastly, successful implementation of the Regional Electronic Cargo Tracking System will give benefits in improving how the regulator clear cargo and cargo trucks that enter and exit the Kenyan borders and charge taxes and levies accordingly. The system will also assist Kenya Revenue Authority in monitoring the all inbound and outbound goodsItem Influence of Computerized Systems on the Performance of Customs and Border Control in Kenya(KESRA/JKUAT - Unpublished research project, 2022-09-01) Njau, WilliamThe study sought to establish the influence of Automated Systems on Customs Performance in Kenya. The study was guided by the following objectives; to establish the influence of Simba System 2005, Single Window System and Scanning Systems on Customs Performance in Kenya. The theories that anchored the study include the computable general equilibrium theory, innovation diffusion theory, the information systems theory and Romer‟s growth model. Literature of past studies was reviewed from written documents and materials in books, journals and reports to enhance conceptualization of the study variables and establishment of gaps. The study used the descriptive design and considered the population of 57 Customs Officers at the Customs and Border Control Department, Kenya Revenue Authority. From the findings, strong positive correlation was established between Simba Systems 2005, Single Window Systems, Scanner Systems and Customs Performance. The study concluded that automation of processes enhances improved customs performance mainly as a result of improved transparency and accountability at the Customs and Border Control Department. The study recommended Training of staff on the operations of the system should be continuous so as to provide them with up to date applications so as to improve the system‟s efficiency further. The study makes the following suggestions for further studies, a similar study can be undertaken in relation to the newly introduced ICMS system among others that are involved in import and exports of other products since this study focused on just a few systems.Item Factors Influencing Revenue Collection in Customs and Border Control in Kenya(KESRA/JKUAT - Unpublished research project, 2022-09-01) Mwaniki, DennisRevenue collection is very crucial for the growth of any economy. Most countries undertake revenue collections to meet their budgetary obligations. The ever rising economic and financial needs of Kenya and the budget constraints that constantly exist threaten the sustainability and growth of the Kenyan economy. The purpose of this study will be to determine the factors influencing revenue collection in Kenya with a case of ICD Nairobi. More specifically, it will focus on the effects of the customs clearance, information technology and post clearance audit. The objective of this study was to determine factors influencing container dwell time in Kenya with the case of Inland Container Depot Embakasi, Nairobi. This study will be guided by three specific objectives: to determine the effects of customs clearance on the revenue collection in Kenya; to find out the effects of information technology on the revenue collection in Kenya; to examine the effects of post clearance audit on revenue collection in Kenya. This study will be based on four theories: portfolio theory; resource based view theory; optimal taxation theory and modern stakeholder theory. The target population of the study will be 340 people which included Kenya Revenue Authority, Kenya Port Authority and clearing and forwarding agents. Questionnaire will be the major instrument to obtain primary data from the respondents while the secondary data will be obtained from existing empirical literature relevant to the study. The study will be using a descriptive survey design. The questionnaire will be designed using Likert scale type. A sample of 182 respondents will be obtained through a stratified sampling technique. The data will be analyzed using descriptive technique, regression model and appropriate tests was conducted with the use of Analysis of variance (ANOVA).Item Factors Affecting the Implementation of Single Customs Territory in The East African Community(2022-09-01) Kipchumba, DorcasThe implementation of Customs Union can be meaningful if there is net benefit to each Partner States, which would have not been realized without it. The issue is not whether the partners benefit equally but it is important that each partner state feels that there are benefits directly gained from the implementation of Customs Union. The Single Customs Territory (SCT) on the other hand can be described as the stage for full attainment of the customs union which is attainable by the removal of duties and other restrictive regulations and/or minimization of internal border customs controls on goods moving between Partner States with an ultimate realization of free circulation of goods. The purpose of this study was to determine the factors affecting the implementation of the East African Community Single Customs Territory (EAC-SCT). The study was guided by the following three specific objectives; to establish the effect of ICT system on the implementation of the East African Community Single Customs Territory, to determine the effect of multiple membership on the implementation of the East African Community Single Customs Territory and to assess the effect of legal framework on the implementation of the East African Community Single Customs Territory. The study was informed by Technology acceptance model, Gravity Theory of Economics and the Customs Union Theory. The study employed a descriptive research design. The target population for the study was 36 representatives from the 5 member states based in the Inland Container Deport Nairobi (ICDN). Data was collected by use of a 5 point likert questionnaire and analysed by use of SPSS V26. The descriptive statistics and inferential statistics were generated and presented in tables. The study established that, implementation of EAC-SCT had significant positive correlation with each of the three predictor variables used in the study. The study concluded that if the partner states want to ensure faster and successful implementation of EAC-SCT, they must invest in the three variables used in this study. The study recommends that the EAC should invest in modern ICT system. In addition, the community should address the challenge of multiple membership to several Regional Economic Blocs and strengthen the legislations related to the implementation of the EAC-SCT so as to avoid the challenges brought by lack of clear guidelines on trade between the five countries. Tariffs and trade policies should also be harmonised.Item The Impact of Non-Tariff Barriers on Performance of the Textile Manufacturing Industry in Kenya(KESRA/JKUAT - Unpublished research project, 2022-09-01) Maureen, Anne AmenyaThe study sought to investigate why Kenya has been losing in terms of exports of its textile products. The study further intended to identify the impact of non-tariff barriers on performance of textile manufacturing industries. The general objective of the study was to assess the impacts that the various non-tariff measures have on textile industries’ performance. The specific objectives of this study were to establish the impact of import quotas, licenses, and subsidies on the performance of Textile Manufacturing Industry in Nairobi, Kenya. The descriptive research design was used to conduct this study. The target population for this study was 144 employees drawn from 29 textile industries in export processing zone Athi River. The primary data was collected through a structured questionnaire by use of a pick and drop procedure. The collected data was edited, coded, classified and tabulated then entered into a spreadsheet and analyzed using frequencies and percentages. The data was presented in tables, pie charts, graphs, and histograms. To enable answering of the research questions and objectives, the researcher employed descriptive analysis, multiple linear regression, and correlation analysis methods. All the concepts of stability, equivalence homogeneity, construct validity, content validity and criterion validity were put into consideration to ensure reliability and validity of the research instruments. The descriptive findings showed that the government has not put import quotas on importation of the raw materials to encourage consumption of local textile raw material. Also, the findings show that import quotas has helped in price level stabilization for locally manufactured textile products. Further, it has shown that for a person to participate in importation of textile raw material and products, the business person must obtain a business license. Lastly, the descriptive statistics shows that the governments meet the production cost of raw materials used in textile industry. The correlation analysis established a strong positive and significant correlation between import quotas and performance of textile manufacturing industries (R=0.552, p=0.002<0.05). Also, it was established that trade licenses had a strong and significant positive association with performance of textile manufacturing ndustries (R=0.521, p=0.009<0.05). Lastly, subsidies had a strong positive and significant correlation coefficient with performance of textile manufacturing industries (R=0.512, p=0.005<0.05). Import quotas had a positive beta coefficient which was statistically significant at (β1=0.097, p=0.000<0.050) while trade licenses had a positive beta coefficient (β2=0.081, p=0.040<0.050). Lastly, subsidies had a significant beta coefficient (β3=0.076, p=0.000<0.050). A conclusion is therefore made that imposing import quotas on importation of both raw materials and finished textile products is likely to lead to improved performance of textile manufacturing industry. Also, increased trade licenses requirements for importers of textile raw material and products is likely to lead to improved performance of local textile manufacturing industry while increased subsidies by government would lead to improved performance of local textile manufacturing industry. The current study therefore recommends that the government through KRA impose quotas on the importation of the raw materials used in the textile manufacturing industry so as to encourage consumption of local raw materials.Item FACTORS AFFECTING THE CUSTOMS VALUATION PROCESS BY THE KENYA REVENUE AUTHORITY AT THE PORT OF MOMBASA(KESRA/JKUAT - Unpublished research project, 2022-09-01) REUBEN, FELIX OCHIENGCustoms Valuation is one of the most important process in importation of goods. Failure to undertake the process prudently often leads to loss of much needed government revenue, distortion of statistics and hampers trade facilitation due to delays. This study sought to establish the factors that affect the Customs Valuation process by Customs agents at the port of Mombasa. The research study had the following specific objectives to determine how the valuation database affects the customs valuation process at the port of Mombasa; to establish how capacity building affects the Customs Valuation process at the port of Mombasa and lastly to assess the effect of enforcement on the Customs Valuation process by the Kenya Revenue Authority at the port of Mombasa. The Expectancy theory, the technology determinism theory and the manning theory formed the basis of the study. A descriptive research design was adopted. The population consisted of all the 300 Customs Officers working at the port of Mombasa. The Sample size of 169 was determined using the Slovin’s formula. The main data collection instrument adopted for the study was the questionnaire which was self-administered. Validity and reliability were measured using the KMO & Bartlet Test and the Cronbach alpha respectively. Data was analyzed both descriptively and inferentially and presented in tables. The findings of the study revealed that all the variables of the study had a significant positive effect on Customs valuation process at the port of Mombasa. The study recommended that information technology should be used more in the customs valuation process, capacity building should be continuous so as to give insights to the current happenings in world of Customs valuation and lastly it was recommended that enforcement procedures should be heightened but simplified so as not to impact negatively on trade facilitationItem Factors Influencing the Achievement of Customs and Border Control Functioning at Mombasa Seaport(KESRA/JKUAT - Unpublished research project, 2022-09-01) Tom, KipronoAn effective and efficient customs administration is integral to any country's well-being. Customs administrations around the world play the role of revenue collection, collection of trade statistics, protection of society and trade facilitation. The achievement of customs administrations in developing countries like Kenya continues to face challenges including missing of customs revenue targets, smuggling, and corruption among others. Despite the fact that there are many studies related to customs administration, there is however paucity of study on the achievement of Customs administrations. As such, this study was done to determine the factors affecting achievement of the customs and border control functioning at Mombasa seaport. Specifically, this study was done to determine the effect of infrastructure on the achievement of customs and border control functioning in Kenya; the effect of Human Resources Capacity on the achievement of customs and border control functioning in Kenya; the effect of ICT on the achievement of customs and border control functioning in Kenya. This study adopted explanatory research design. Theories that guided this study are institutional and queuing theory. The study relied on primary data collected through a five point Likert scale. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to determine the relationship between the variables of the study. From the results of the multiple regression analysis, it was established that for every unit increase in Infrastructure will lead to an increase in the achievement of Customs and Border Control functioning at Mombasa seaport by 0.259 (β1=0.259, p=0.000<0.05); for every unit increase in Human Resource Capacity will lead to an increase in the achievement of Customs and Border Control functioning at Mombasa seaport by 0.360 (β2=0.360, p=0.000<0.05): for every unit increase in Information Communication Technology will lead to an increase in the achievement of Customs and Border Control functioning at Mombasa seaport by 0.246 (β3=0.246, p=0.000<0.05).The study concluded that infrastructure, Human Resource Capacity and Information Communication Technology positively and significantly influenced the achievement of Customs and Border Control functioning at Mombasa seaport. The study recommended that to improve the achievement of Customs and Border Control functioning at Mombasa seaport, there is to enhance cooperation, coordination and communication among Mombasa seaport government agencies. The study suggested that a comparative study can be carried out on other factors influencing the achievement of customs and border control functioning at Mombasa seaportItem Effect of Patrols in Combating Smuggling Among Small Scale Cross Border Traders at the Lungalunga Horohoro Border(KESRA/JKUAT - Unpublished research project, 2022-09-01) Justin, Mlala NyangoSmuggling is still deficient and, in many cases, lacks congruence across jurisdictions, this has been associated with poor custom patrol mechanisms adopted by the relevant agencies. It is in this regard that the researcher sought to establish the effects of patrol in combating smuggling among small scale cross border traders at the Lunga Lunga Border. The study was guided by the following objectives: To determine the effects of reactive patrols in combating smuggling among small scale cross-border traders in Lunga Lunga Border, to examine the effects of disruptive patrol in combating smuggling among small scale cross-border traders in Lunga Lunga Border and to establish the effects of proactive patrols in combating smuggling among small scale cross-border traders in Lunga Lunga Border. The study was of great value to the KRA and other agencies involved in the combating of smuggling. The study adopted a descriptive research design where structured questionnaires were distributed to the employees of the organization. The study targeted 103 employees from various agencies involved in the customs practices. Sampling formulae was used in determining a sample of 78 employees who randomly selected to answer the structured questionnaires. Pilot study was conducted to 7 employees of KRA who were not included in the final study. Drop and pick method was used as data collection procedure. The returned questionnaires were analyzed using SPSS version 24. Findings prove that reactive patrol influences combating of smuggling at Lunga-Lunga Horo-Horo. Reactive patrol success was found to contribute to aggravation of situation to some extent and providing means to account for and control custom officers. The influence of reactive patrol was further found to be positive and significant through inferential statistics. The findings established that patrols contribute to combating of smuggling among small scale cross border traders at the Lunga-Lunga Horo-Horo border. Results based on reactive, disruptive and proactive patrols positively influences combating of smuggling at the Lunga Lunga Horo-Horo border. The study concludes that disruptive combating is the most influential patrol plan in combating smuggling. The study established that the patrol plans adopted at the Lunga-Lunga Horo-Horo border a number of limitations that hinder their effective implementation at the border point. The study recommends for a comprehensive training program for the officials at the border point.Item Effect of Electronic Cargo Tracking System (ECTS) on Excise Revenue Collection in Kenya. A Case of Jomo Kenyatta International Airport (JKIA)(KESRA/JKUAT - Unpublished research project, 2022-08-01) Ruth, Ng’ang’aOver the years, Kenya Revenue Authority has implemented reforms and modernization programs geared towards positioning it as an efficient modern tax administrator. Despite the positive developments, KRA has continued to miss revenue targets partly attributed to taxpayer’s noncompliance and inefficiencies in revenuemanagement systems. To mitigate lack of adequate revenues, Ministry of Finance has continuously revised up its fiscal deficit on a number of occasions. Electronic Cargo Tracking System is a modern computer-based assessment system that was introduced by the Kenya Revenue Authority Customs department, to monitor cargo and improve revenue collection. The study aimed to determine the effect of adoption of electronic cargo tracking system (ECTS) on excise revenue collection in Kenya -a case of Jomo Kenyatta International Airport (JKIA) as an entry and exit point. The study was guided by the following specific objectives; to determine how cargo monitoring affects excise revenue collection at JKIA in Kenya; to investigate whether Information Sharing affects excise revenue collection at JKIA in Kenya; to establish if cargo Security has effectively contributed to excise revenue collection at JKIA in Kenya. The study adopted explanatory research design. The target population comprised of 300 Customs and technical staff of Kenya Revenue Authority stationed at JKIA Customs department. Stratified random sampling was used to identify the population which was Customs and technical officers assigned to ECTS. Modern portfolio theory, Diffusion of innovation theory, Technological determinism theory, Infusion theory of technology and Technological acceptance model are the theoretical frameworks that guided the study. The study employed primary data collection by closed ended structured questionnaire using five-point Likert scale. The findings of the Multiple regression analysis revealed that Cargo Monitoring positively and significantly influenced Excise Revenue Collection (β1=0.221, p=0.003): Cargo Security positively and significantly influenced Excise Revenue Collection (β2=0.334, p=0.000); Information Sharing positively and significantly influenced Excise Revenue Collection (β2=0.357, p=0.000). Therefore, the study concluded that adoption of Electronic Cargo Tracking System (ECTS) has had significant effect on Excise Revenue Collection in Kenya, as shown by the increase in excise revenue from Sh. 80 billion in 2010 to 165 billion in 2018. From the results, the study recommends that Kenya Revenue Authority should fully strengthen Cargo Monitoring, Cargo Security and Information Sharing in order to realize additional Excise Revenue Collection at JKIA. The study suggests that future research can evaluate other factors that affect Excise Revenue Collection at JKIAItem Effects of Coordinated Border Management Techniques on Trade Facilitation(KESRA/JKUAT - Unpublished research project, 2022-09-01) Doreen, MutuaThe study aimed at determining the effects of coordinated border management techniques on trade facilitation in Kenya. The specific objectives were to determine the effects of Single Window system on Trade Facilitation in Kenya at the Port of Mombasa, to establish the effects of Joint Patrols on Trade Facilitation at the Port of Mombasa and to determine the effects of Joint Risk Management initiatives on Trade Facilitation at the Port of Mombasa. The study was anchored on three relevant theories: Technological change theory, Change management theory and Theory of constraints. The study adopted a descriptive research design and targeted 500 officers from various departments including officers from Customs, Port Health, Kenya Ports Authority, among others at the Mombasa port. A questionnaire containing both structured and semi-structured questions was used to collect primary data. A pilot study was carried out on 11 customs that did not form part of target population to test the reliability and validity of the research instrument. The study used Cronbach’s alpha (α) coefficient to test reliability, while face and content validity were used for checking for validity of the research instrument. The primary data collected was analyzed with the use of SSPS version 28. Data analysis was conducted using descriptive statistics and inferential statistics by use of moderated multiple regression analysis. The questionnaire was conceived using the type of Likert scale. For a sample target of 150 participants, a stratified sampling method was used and out of 150 questionnaires issued, 120 (80.00%) were dully field. Data were coded and entered into SPSS from which correlation analysis was used to evaluate the collected information. Both quantitative analysis and regression analysis were used as a data analysis technique. The information gathered have been executed through different models to obviously highlight the factors that determine the impacts of coordinated border management on trade facilitation. The investigator also used a multivariate regression analysis to determine the relationship between the independent variables and the variable dependent. The study revealed that Joint patrols, Joint Risk Management techniques and One Stop Border Post had significant influence on trade facilitation in Kenya. The results indicated that One Stop Border Post has reduced the clearance time of the cargos hence reducing the cost of doing business in Kenya. The study concluded that Joint patrols, Joint Risk Management techniques and One Stop Border Post influence facilitation of trade in Kenya. The One Stop Border Post had more impact on trade facilitation then followed by Joint Risk Management. The study recommends that Customs administration should adopt the One Stop Border Post to enhance their productivity and profitability. The study established that the adoption of various systems on customs departments had a major effect on traders because custom systems reduce the average lodging time and clearance time of goods. From these findings, there was quick movement of products as a result of the implementation of various customs systems. Thus, theItem Effects of Automation of Customs Systems on Revenue Performance in Kenya(KESRA/JKUAT - Unpublished research project, 2022-09-01) Hanningtone, Munyanya AngalwaThe study aimed at determining the effects of automation of Customs Systems on Revenue performance in Kenya. The research had three specific objectives which were; Scanner technology, Integrated Customs Management system and Electronic Cargo tracking system. The overall objective of the study was to establish the effects of customs revenue performance as a result of system automation in Kenya. The research was anchored on the three theories namely; Mobility intergenerational theory, Technological change theory, Technological acceptance theory and theory of constraints. The research employed a descriptive research design and had a target population of 1132 officers both in the clearing and forwarding firms and Customs administration within Nairobi. This research used two techniques of data collection which included the structured questionnaires as a primary source of data and relevant materials obtained from previous research for a period 2016 to 2020 as the secondary sources. A pilot study was carried out on 20 officers that did not form part of target population to test the reliability and validity of the research instrument. The study used Cronbach’s alpha (α) coefficient to test reliability, while face and content validity were used for checking for validity of the research instrument. The primary data collected was analyzed with the use of SSPS version 28. Data analysis was conducted using descriptive statistics and inferential statistics by use of moderated multiple regression analysis. The study revealed that, the Scanner Technology, Integrated customs Management System and Electronic Cargo Tracking System had a major influence on performance of revenues in Kenya. It was also discovered that, Scanner Technology, Integrated customs Management System and Electronic Cargo Tracking System had a variation of 53.8% on performance of revenue implying that since the implementation of the new system, Customs administration has had a significant increase in revenue collection. This resulted to greater border control hence a significance growth in the regional trade. There is need for tight enforcement measures in the implementation of the new system to enhance growth in revenues by customs administration. In conclusion, the automation of the systems requires urge investment in technology, trainings, security enhancement and management of hitches hence implementation of these systems will facilitate revenue growth. Harmonization of systems regionally allows data sharing and competitiveness globally. The research recommends that, it’s important for the future researchers to undertake the same or replicate empirical studies in Integrated Customs Management System on the operational performance in East Africa in order to validate the findings and conclusions of this study. The study provides future researchers with a useful conceptual and methodological reference to carry out studies in this area of integrated Customs Management system. The study ended up developing new policies in the area of influence of integrated Customs Management system on performance of revenue in Kenya.Item Effects of Automated Customs Systems on Trade Facilitation in Kenya(KESRA/JKUAT - Unpublished research project, 2022-09-01) Jepkosgei Mutai, RuthThe study aimed at determining the effects of automated customs systems on trade facilitation in Kenya. The specific objectives were to examine the effects of Integrated Customs Management System, determining the effects of single window systems and establishing the effects of electronic cargo tracking system on trade facilitation in Kenyan. The study was anchored on three relevant theories: The study will be based on four theories which include: Technology change, constraints and operational measures, Mobility intergenerational, theory of planned behavior. The study adopted a descriptive research design and targeted 683 Clearing and forwarding agents and customs officers in Nairobi. The clearing and forwarding firms were registered with the KIFWA. A questionnaire containing both structured and semi-structured questions was used to collect primary data. A pilot study was carried out on 10customs officers and 11 clearing and forwarding firms that did not form part of target population to test the reliability and validity of the research instrument. The study used Cronbach’s alpha (α) coefficient to test reliability, while face and content validity were used for checking for validity of the research instrument. The primary data collected was analyzed with the use of SSPS version 28. Data analysis was conducted using descriptive statistics and inferential statistics by use of moderated multiple regression analysis. The questionnaire was conceived using the type of Likert scale. For a sample target of 205 participants, a stratified sampling method was used and out of 205 questionnaires issued, 165 (80.49%) were dully field. Data were coded and entered into SPSS from which correlation analysis was used to evaluate the collected information. Both quantitative analysis and regression analysis were used as a data analysis technique. The information gathered have been executed through different models to obviously highlight the factors that determine the impacts of customs schemes on trade facilitation. The investigator also used a multivariate regression analysis to determine the relationship between the independent variables and the variable dependent. The study revealed that Integrated Customs Management System, Single Window system and Electronic Cargo Tracking System had significant influence on trade facilitation in Kenya. The results indicated that Integrated Customs Management System has reduced the clearance time of the cargos hence reducing the cost of doing business in Kenya. The study concluded that Integrated Customs Management System, Single Window system and Electronic Cargo Tracking System influence facilitation of trade in Kenya. The Integrated Customs Management System had more impact on trade facilitation then followed by Electronic Cargo Tracking System. The study recommends that Customs administration should adopt the automation of customs systems to enhance their productivity and profitability. The study established that the adoption of various systems oncustoms departments had a major effect on traders and clearing and forwarding companiesbecause custom systems reduce the average lodging time and clearance time of goods. From these findings, there was quick movement of products as a result of the implementation of various customs systems. Thus, the implementation of various customs systems has a major impact on facilitating trade in Kenya