4. 2019

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http://10.150.1.119/handle/123456789/2612

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Factors affecting the performance of the canine unit at the port of Mombasa.
(KESRA/JKUAT - Unpublished research project, 2019) Kitoja, Cyril Menza
The dog was the first animal to be domesticated. Since antiquity to the modern era, the dog had served human beings at various capacities. From hunting, protection and now in the modern era, as an enforcement tool for various government and non government institutions. From airports,ports the evolution of the use dogs has been remarkable.Africa and Kenya in particular has discovered that the use of the canine unit has come in quite handy.The Customs and Border Control Department of the Kenya Revenue Authority is responsible for collection of revenue from imports and exports,protection of the society, safety of the nations’ entry and exit points, collection of trade statistics among other objectives. The ability of the department to meet its objectives is the performance by which it will be judged by. The customs department has several enforcement arms amongst them the canine unit which are employed to aide in achievement its objectives. The study focused on the factors affecting the performance of the canine unit the Port of Mombasa.These objectives are crucial if the customs department and the Kenya Revenue Authority as an organisation are to be considered successful.The theories that are relevant to the study are the institutional theory, resource based and the deterrence theory.The study is descriptive based on on the need to give an elaborate explanation on the factors that affect the performance of the canine unit at the port of Mombasa.A research gap of training more sentry canines was identified. A sample size out of a population of 44 respondents were used in the collection of data and a sample of 40 was drawn. The data analysed was collected using both open ended and closed questionnaires from the respondents.The researcher will then use SPSS version 25 to analyse data and the linear regression model to show the correlation between the independent and dependent variables. From the findings it is evident costs and other variables used in the study affect customs performance. The y intercept shows performance at the customs unit when other variables are zero. The canine unit should also ensure it profiles importations that are in most cases disguised as certain items yet they are concealment. Apart from the training, the canines usually rely on the odor sensitivity for cargo inspection which in some cases may not be very accurate in ensuring all concealment are dealt with. Customs in general ought to perform a cost benefit analysis to determine if the canine unit is a feasible enforcement tool.From the findings it was established that canine unit needs to purchase more trained dogs. However, from the study findings it was established that majority of the respondents disagreed that the benefits of the canine unit exceeds its operational costs. In addition, the study established that importers at the Port of Mombasa are more open in their declarations because of the canine unit. The study concludes that the canine unit is a more cost effective tool compared to other enforcement method and the canine unit does not earn customs a lot of extra revenue. The study recommends that the canine unit should invest more on trained dogs to curb illicit trade. Finally, the study recommends that the canine unit should be financially supported since it helps customs officers to easily and efficiently verify cargo.
Effect of risk management tools on trade facilitation: a case of Kenya Revenue Authority Customs and Border Control department
(KESRA/JKUAT - Unpublished research project, 2019) Njoroge, Moses Muiruri
Previously, the expanded multifaceted nature and volume of worldwide trade, powered by technological advances has altered worldwide trading practices what has thusly influenced the manner in which customs organizations complete their obligations and arrange their everyday business activities. Today, customs are not just required to give broad assistance of exchange, but also keep up authority over the universal development of products, people and methods for transport. The study investigated the effect of risk management tools in trade facilitation. Specifically, the study investigated the effect of technology growth, custom procedures and communication on implementation of risk management tools on trade facilitation. To be able to do so, the study employed Diffusion Theory, Resource-based-View Theory and Agency Theory. The study further adopted a cross-sectional survey design and used both quantitative and qualitative approaches. Main tool for data collection was by the use of structured questionnaires. The collected data was analyzed by use of the SPSS Software Version 23. The analyzed results were further presented by use of frequency tables and pie charts.
The role of single window system on trade facilitation: a case study of the export processing zone, Athi river, Kenya
(KESRA/JKUAT - Unpublished research project, 2019) Mbaria, Patrick Murugu
Establishment of efficient and effective international trade system like the single window increases economic opportunities and improve livelihoods. This study sought to investigate the role of single window system on trade facilitation at the export processing zone, Athi River, Kenya. The specific objectives of the study are: To determine the role of availability of information on duties and tariffs on trade facilitation at the Export Processing Zone, Athi River, Kenya; to establish the role of sharing information with all trade parties on trade facilitation at the Export Processing Zone, Athi River, Kenya; to establish the role of standardization of information and documents on trade at the Export Processing Zone, Athi River, Kenya; and to determine the role of accuracy of information on trade costs on trade facilitation at the Export Processing Zone, Athi River, Kenya. Three theories guided this study namely; Adaptive Market Efficiency Theory, Diffusion of Innovation Theory and Trust Behaviour Theory. The study adopted descriptive research design. Questionnaires were used for primary data collection. Data was entered in SPSS for coding. Descriptive statistics was used to analyse the data. The study revealed that availability of information, sharing of information, standardization and accuracy of information have a positive and significant role in trade facilitation. The study recommended that Kenyan government ought to compel all government agencies to follow the National Single Window System uptake and execution to realize the benefits of automation.
Customs strategies in controlling smuggling of goods in Kenya.
(KESRA/JKUAT - Unpublished research project, 2019) Odago, Oscar Okoth
The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of customs strategies in controlling smuggling of goods in Kenya. The study was guided by four specific objectives; effectiveness of physical border patrol, effectiveness of customs cooperation with other agencies, and effectiveness of one stop border post in controlling smuggling of goods in Kenya. The study was also guided by; routines activity theory, collaborative advantage theory, social impact theory and situational crime prevention theory. The study used a descriptive research design. The target population of this study was the customs staff at Namanga One Stop Border Post and Nairobi customs region. The study used stratified random sampling technique to determine a sample size of 214 respondents, which was 87.2% of the total 460 staff targeted. Simple random sampling was used to select respondents. The study employed a questionnaire to collect primary data. The questionnaire comprised of close-ended questions. The study generated qualitative data. Qualitative data was coded and entered into Statistical Packages for Social Scientists (SPSSVersion23) and analysed using descriptive statistics. Qualitative data was presented in form of tables. The study found that; Physical border patrol, Customs cooperation with other agencies and One stop border post as customs strategies had an effect in controlling smuggling of goods at Kenya borders. The study established that multiple agencies are required to work in harmony to complement the strategy since cooperation among agencies was found to be key for successful customs strategy. Physical border patrol, customs cooperation with other agencies and one stop border post explained 92.6% leaving 7.4% unexplained. The researcher concluded that there is need to evaluate other factors that contribute to success of customs strategy in controlling smuggling of goods at Kenya borders. The study recommended that all government agencies should adopt effective physical border patrols along the borders, and work in collaboration with other stakeholders such as communities living around border posts. The study sees border patrols would be effective through having informers stationed within given distances to cover wide areas. This would act as a better deterrence mechanism where they would also relay information to 24 hour surveillance centers. The informer approach would be more effective, especially along borders where customs is unable to deploy its officers on a 24 hour basis. Satisfactory levels of up to 85% would be achieved.
Effects of non-tariff barriers on intra-regional trade in the east african community: a case of Namanga one-stop-border-post
(KESRA/JKUAT - Unpublished research project, 2019) Nyagaki, Emma Wanjiku
This study is being conducted with the aim of investigating the effects of non-tariff barriers on intra-regional trade in the EAC, a case study of Namanga OSBP. an inferential research design was adopted with a study population of 68 respondents.
Effect of customs import procedures on performance of used motor vehicle dealers in Mombasa County
(KESRA/JKUAT - Unpublished research project, 2019) Nabwire, Jennifer ; Mumia Benn MINCU, CPA.K
Globalization has made the world to become small village more impetuously, opening the boundaries and expanding the quantity of suppliers (exporters) as well as importers. Numerous firms to acquire some rare contributions or ideas of the better quality, or inputs at a lower value, import them instead of purchasing them from domestic suppliers. Studies show that there is a close relationship between business performance and customs procedures. Kenya, importers had complained that even after introduction of container scanners, the dwell time of goods at the port had not reduced significantly due to the existing high levels of verification even after electronic scanning has been carried out. Nordås et al. Notably, 24% of the transportation time is spent at borders. This study explores the effect of customs procedures on monetary value of used vehicles handlers in Mombasa County. The research was guided by general objective to ascertain the effect of customs import procedures on monetary realization of secondhand vehicle dealers in Mombasa. The specific objectives were; to determine the effects of computerization of customs systems on performance of secondhand motor vehicle dealers in Mombasa County. To establish the Effects of Customs import restraints on performance of secondhand motor vehicle dealers in Mombasa County. To establish how the adoption of customs import inspections has affected the Performance of Used vehicle dealers in Mombasa County. The study adopted three theories Environmental dependency theory, transaction cost theory and theory of ‘informality’ to review the existing literature and the variables under study. The study adopted a descriptive design and a population of 110 used car dealers in Mombasa while relying on a structured questionnaire as the main data collection instrument. The research was directed by a General objective of determining the effect of customs import procedures on performance of used motor vehicle dealers in Mombasa. The researcher revealed that automation of systems, Customs restrictions on imports and customs import inspections were among variables that prejudiced the realization of second hand cars traders. From the analysis, the results indicated that modernization had a positive and strong influence on performance of used motor vehicle dealers. This was supported by the correlation coefficient of r=0.706 and linear regression coefficient of 28.5%. The researcher established that customs restrictions on imports had a negative influence on performance of used motor vehicle dealers in Mombasa County. This was supported by correlation coefficient of -0787 and a linear regression coefficient of -0.395. Customs import inspections had a strong and a negative influence on performance of used motor vehicle dealers in Mombasa County. There was also a negative relationship as indicated by the linear regression. From the findings of this study, the researcher recommends on the following; Increase of automated customs systems in order to reduce cost of operations for the used motor vehicle dealer’s business hence increasing their performance. Minimize customs import restrictions to used car imports on age to as improve on sales of the used motor vehicles hence increasing performance. Reduce customs inspections on imports so as reduce delays observed in clearance of used motor vehicles.
Factors affecting Customs tea export procedures at the Port of Mombasa
(KESRA/JKUAT - Unpublished research project, 2019) Mikwa, Marilyn Awuor ; Mumia, Benn MINCU, CPA.K
Effects of Coordinated Border Management techniques on Trade Facilitation at the Port of Mombasa
(KESRA/JKUAT - Unpublished research project, 2019) Seko, Owiso Brian ; Mumia Benn MINCU, CPA.K
Countries are striving to ensure trade facilitation as well as ensuring safety and security of goods and people during trade and travel flows. Global trade is vulnerable to manipulation by traders. EAC block has experienced non-tariff barriers which has greatly affected trade. Adoption of CBM techniques is vital to facilitate trade. The general objective of the study is to determine the effect of coordinated border management techniques on trade facilitation at the Port of Mombasa. The specific objectives are three; to establish the effect of single window system on trade facilitation, to determine the effect of joint patrols on trade facilitation and to evaluate the effect of joint risk management initiatives on trade facilitation at the port of Mombasa. The theories underpinning this study are three; resource-based view theory, communication theory and institutional theory. A study sample of 229 was drawn from a target population of 534. Descriptive research design was used where questionnaires were administered to the respondents with relevant information for the study. The study employed descriptive statistical methods for data summary using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS version 25) and get a description of the response to questions. The methods are use of frequency tables, weighted means, standard deviation and summarized percentages. The results showed that there was a weak positive significant correlation between single window system and trade facilitation (r = 0.093, P<0.05). Regression analysis conducted proved that there was a positively significant effect of single window system on trade facilitation. The study concludes that an increase in adoption of single window system by one unit would lead to increase in trade facilitation by 0.117 units. The findings indicated that there was a weak positive significant correlation between joint patrols and trade facilitation (r=0.171, P<0.05). Regression analysis was also conducted and the results showed a positively significant effect of joint patrols on trade facilitation. The study concludes that an increase in joint patrols by one unit would lead to increase in trade facilitation by 0.072 units. The findings indicated that there was a weak positive significant correlation (r = 0.158, P<0.05). Regression analysis was also conducted and the results proved that there was positively significant effect of joint risk management initiatives on trade facilitation. The study concludes that an increase in joint risk management initiatives by one unit would lead to increase in trade facilitation by 0.152 units. The study recommends that the port of Mombasa needs to adjust to globally accepted procedures in exchange assistance during trade in order to stay relevant and that different partners should vigorously keep pushing for exchange assistance improvement if they are to gain from trade facilitation especially adoption of CBM techniques
Factors affecting performance of KRA’s customs and border control department in export processing zones facilities in Mombasa.
(KESRA/JKUAT - Unpublished research project, 2019) Oketch, Jackson Opiyo
Export processing Zones (EPZ) have evolved to be a vital factor for economic growth mostly in diversification of export. Export Processing Zones (EPZs) are designated part of Kenya that are aimed at Promoting and Facilitating exports. Kenya’s EPZ provide an attractive and enabling environment. Kenya’s EPZs plays a great role in Export Trade Facilitation and since one of the many roles of KRA’s Customs and Border Control Department is to facilitate trade. In spite of the significant role played by the Customs Department in export trade facilitation amongst others, studies on the Factors affecting KRA’s Customs and Border Control Department in EPZ facilities in Mombasa is limited. General objective of this research is to establish factors affecting performance of KRA’s Customs and Border Control department in Export Processing Zones Facilities in Mombasa. This study was carried out in Mombasa region. Target respondent group were employees working for EPZs and KRA employees attached to EPZs Mombasa. The theories relevant to this studies are Systems theory, Institutional theory and Resource based theory. Independent variable used for this research are internal processes, staffing and management while dependent variable is Customs and Border Control Department. This study employed a cross-sectional descriptive survey layout in accumulating information from the respondents. The total population for the study was 124, which consisted employees working for EPZ facilities and KRA employees attached to EPZ. Slovian formula was used to calculate sample size. The study established that there is effective inter agency coordination in clearance of imported inputs used in export production and clearance of export goods and the current processes used causes delays in clearance of imported inputs used in export production and clearance of export goods. The study concludes that the institution has effective and efficient technological systems to clear imported inputs used in export production and clearance of export goods as well as the processes and documents used for clearance of input used in export and clearance of goods are simple well understood by all stakeholders and the process not tedious. The employees have necessary skills that are required to handle different roles and responsibilities within the institution and they are trained regularly to ensure they are equipped with the necessary skills to deliver on institution’s performance objectives. The study recommends that the institutions’ internal processes should be reviewed to ensure efficiency and effectiveness in the performance of customs and border control department. All relevant agencies should sign and ascribe to a common regulatory framework to improve coordination thus ensure effectiveness in the clearance of imported inputs used in export production and clearance of export goods. The management of the institutions should continuously develop personnel by equipping them with relevant skills through frequent trainings to enable them handle different roles and responsibilities within the institution. The management of the institutions should properly plan and supervise subordinates to breed confidence and loyalty in the attainment of the stated institutional objectives.
Effects of job rotation on performance of customs employees at the container freight staitions in Mombasa Kenya
(KESRA/JKUAT - Unpublished research project, 2019) Obita, Brian
Effects of modernization on revenue collection in Kenya: a case of the Customs and Border Control services department
(KESRA/JKUAT - Unpublished research project, 2019) Nyadenge, Stephen
Modernization of Customs and Border Control has continued to raise both positive and negative reaction across international borders. Its impact in facilitation of trade across the borders is yet to be felt. This study seeks to interrogate the effects of modernization on revenue collection in Kenya. The study is based on the following specific objectives: to determine the effect of SCANNER usage on revenue collection at the port of entry and exit, to determine the effect of RECTS usage on revenue collection by Customs and Border Control Services Department and to determine the effect of SIMBA 2005 on revenue collection. Descriptive research method was adopted for the study. A sample of 130 employees out of the 1490 who work for the Customs and Border Control Department were surveyed. The study relied on primary data which was collected using closed ended questionnaires. Data was analyzed qualitatively using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) and presented in the form of graphs and tables. The findings established modernizations Customs and Border Control has improved trade facilitation across the borders. The finding also concluded that modernization of Customs and Border Control has affected positively operations at Customs and Border Control departments. The study findings further revealed that the use of scanners, RECTS and Simba 2005 system explained 91.1% leaving 8.9% unexplained. The P- value of 0.000 (Less than 0.05) implies that the modernization on revenue collection is significant at the 95% confidence level. The researcher recommends further investigations on other factors not covered in this study that might be affecting revenue collection and facilitation trade across the borders.
Factors affecting customs clearance of transshipment cargo at the port of Mombasa
(KESRA/JKUAT - Unpublished research project, 2019) Mbale, Marieanne
Since the advent of shipping and maritime trade, it has been an instance of fascination to find the most viable alternative transportation for providing overall effectiveness to the concerned trade. Numerous influential factors and research methods or techniques were identified and developed by researchers throughout world for the process of choosing suitable ports and their benefits and bad marks. Worldwide ocean payload is a US$46 billion yearly business and is relied upon to dramatically multiply by 2021. Trans-shipment includes the shipment of merchandise or compartments to a moderate goal before being conveyed to the last goal. Further it permits the difference in the methods for transport amid the voyage, for example, from ship to street transport or to another vessel. It also permits consolidation and deconsolidation of shipments. This study therefore, was set to establish the factors affecting customs clearance of transshipment cargo at port of Mombasa. Explicitly the study examined the effect of infrastructure, institutional costs and transshipment procedures of customs clearance at customs department of KRA at the port of Mombasa. The study was moored on institutional theory, resource based view theory and systems theory. The study adopted descriptive research design focusing on 120 respondents drawn from customs department operating in the port of Mombasa, KPA staff and a few shipping lines. This study employed stratified random sampling technique to choose the respondents from the objectified population. The sample size of this study was 60 respondents. Closed ended structured questionnaires were used to collect essential primary data. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS version 25) was the data analysis tool, using inferential and descriptive statistics. Findings were exhibited in form of frequency tables. In relation to inferential statistics, the study also used Pearson correlation analysis to establish the relationship between the independent and the dependent variables. The study established that handling costs for transshipment cargo is high. The study concludes that the cost of handling transshipment cargo is high. The study concludes that the high shipping costs has caused transshipment cargo through the port of Mombasa to decline. Further, the study concludes that transshipment cargo clearance costs are high compared to returns and customs clearance of transshipment cargo is cost efficient. The study recommends that the customs management should ensure that the technologies available are effective in clearing transshipment cargo. Also the study recommends that the decision making should be delegated so as to remove unnecessary bureaucracies which cause unnecessary delays in transhipment clearance.
Effect of green customs initiatives on game trophy trade in Kenya.
(KESRA/JKUAT - Unpublished research project, 2019) Manyala, Julius Okumu
The purpose of this study examined the Green Customs Initiative effect on game trophy trade. The specific objectives of this study were to investigate the effect of Customs documentation on Game Trophy Trade, to examine the effect of scanning systems on Game Trophy Trade and to determine the effect of training and development on Game Trophy Trade. This study was anchored on the relevant theories such as System theory, governance theory and human capital theory. The descriptive research design was used to conduct this study. The target population comprised of 205 participants. The unit of observation was composed of the Customs & Border Control Department based at Jomo Kenyatta International Airport. Stratified and simple random sampling was used to obtain a representative sample size the target population. Research instrument of both structured and semi-structured was used to collect the primary data. A pilot test of 10% of the respondents was conducted using Cronbach’s alpha to measure the reliability of the research instrument. The collected primary data was edited, coded, classified and tabulated then entered into a spreadsheet and analysed using frequencies and percentages. Data was analysed with the help of statistical packages for the social science version 24 and presented in tables, pie, charts and graphs. Multiple liner Regression model 𝑌𝑡 = 𝛽𝜊 + 𝛽1𝑋1 + 𝛽2𝑋2 + 𝛽3𝑋3 was used to show hypothesized relationships between variables. This study concluded that certificate of origin has enabled Customs and border patrol officers to know the country of origin of those game trophies transiting or moving in and out of the country. It does help in tracing back wildlife traffickers during the investigation. Also it concluded that’ scanning systems as one of the factors affecting Green Customs procedures indicated that X-ray has facilitated the protection of legitimate game trophy trade through screening of baggage and containers. The correlation results showed that; a positively strong Pearson correlation exists between customs documentation and training and development (r = 0.791, P-value = 0.03). This study found that customs documentation regulates game trophy trade by enforcing permits and certificate of origin on game trophy traders. This study also found that the Customs and border control scanners assist in taming smuggling of the game trophies during transit, export and import. It was found that training and development on Customs and border patrol officers have facilitated the protection of game trophy trade by them able to enforce Green customs initiative at the borders. This study established that game trophy trade still exists in Kenya despite the effort of the government of Kenya. Several game trophy seizure have been made in Kenya. This study recommended that the government should align the verification process with up to date technology advancement and as well improve the enactment of prosecution procedures that cut off cartels in-game trophies. More training of officers is also an issue as fewer Customs and border patrol officers have participated in the WCO INAMA workshop. There is a need to provide proper training on how to deal with criminals destroying our wildlife-rich resources. Therefore, further research should be undertaken to identify other channels being used to transport wildlife products acquired illegally.
Effect of electronic-customs on customs border management in Kenya: a case study of Namanga border.
(KESRA/JKUAT - Unpublished research project, 2019) Nyaboke, Deborah Moses
Border management is one of the great challenges of our times. In an increasingly globalized world, how do governments maintain the security they need, while encouraging the trade they want? The Kenyan government successful launched and implemented KNESWS in 2014 with the intention of automating its systems to promote trade and enhance the security thereby improving the management of its borders. However, despite the implementation of KNESWS, The Kenyan Customs is still currently experiencing difficulties with managing its borders which are commonly characterized by smuggling, dumping of contraband and sub-standards goods, diversional and terrorists passing through the borders. Therefore this study determines if there has been any value of the investment seen in the stabling e-customs at the Kenyan borders, by answering the question “has e-customs helped improve the management of the Kenyan borders?” The study was guided by a primary objective of establishing the effect of e-customs on border management in Kenya while focusing on the case of the Namanga Border. The study was further guided by three specific objective, which are to examine the effects of the exchange of electronic data on border management in Kenya, to evaluate the effects of integrated electronic system on border management in Kenya, and to determine the effects of the impact of cargo security on border management in Kenya. This study was based on the Diffusion of Innovation (DOI) theory, Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT), and the theory of planned behavior. The study had a target population of about 120 people consisting of customs officers responsible for inspection, customs officers responsible for monitoring scanners, declarations, and ECTS, and customs officers who monitor the Red, Yellow, and green channel. The studies obtained its primary data using Likert scale questionnaires and secondary data from the relevant empirical literature. The study used a descriptive survey design. Stratified sampling was employed in obtaining a sample of 72 respondents. Inferential and descriptive statistics (such as mean, coefficient of variation, percentages, and standard deviation) were used to analyze the study’s quantitative data. Moreover, correlation analysis was used to establish the relationship between the independent and the dependent variables. The survey found that 86.7% of the respondents believed that effective exchange of electronic data promoted border security, 83.3% of the respondents agreed the level of cargo security determined if the borders were managed effectively or not and 88.7% of the respondents integrated electronic systems highly promoted border security. The study concluded that the Namanaga border should invest more on the Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), which is a form of integrated electronic system. The WSN would be effective in Connecting the physical and the digital worlds. Moreover, the WSN has the potential of promoting border security hence enhancing the management of the Kenyan borders as it is known to be widely applicable in not only monitoring and controlling borders, but also in the increasing of the alertness of the border security officials. The study also recommends that the criteria used to determine high risk containers that require thorough expansion should be widened and increased and the monitoring of ECTS should be done by both machines and human beings. The study further recommended that for better facilitation of trade it is of utmost importance for the Kenyan government to continually upgrade its electronic system (KNESWS)
Effect of Customs procedures on trade facilitation at the port of Mombasa in Kenya
(KESRA/JKUAT - Unpublished research project, 2019) Kasila, Christine N. ; Mumia Benn,MINCU, CPA.K
Customs procedures in trade facilitation lead to enhanced capacity for revenue collection, improved efficiency and reduction in the time and costs of trade transactions. Despite the implementation of customs procedural reforms to facilitate, traders in the East Africa region incur a whooping US$7 million annually in costs due to bureaucracy and red tape. There is inefficiency in clearance at the port of Mombasa in Kenya. The study examined the effects of customs procedures on trade facilitation performance at the port of Mombasa in Kenya. The study specifically examined the effects of customs licensing process, customs verification and release process and customs enforcement procedures on trade facilitation performance at the port of Mombasa in Kenya. The study was founded on the coordination theory, stakeholder theory and unified theory of technical acceptance and use of technology. Descriptive survey research design was adopted by the researcher. The study targeted 506 respondents, 190 customs officers and 316 clearing firms’ employees based in Mombasa. A sample of 224 respondents was involved in the actual study and selected through stratified sampling. The researcher tested the research questionnaire’s reliability and also ensured its validity before undertaking the main study. The supervisor was consulted in order to ensure content validity of the research questionnaire. Cronbach ‘s alpha coefficient was used to test the reliability of the research questionnaire. Data was collected using self-administered structured questionnaires. Descriptive statistical tools included frequency analysis, percentage analysis, mean and standard deviation. Inferential statistical tools were Pearson Product Moment correlation and multiple regression analysis. Tables were used in presentation of study findings. The study found out that customs licensing procedure has an insignificant negative effect on trade facilitation performance at the port of Mombasa in Kenya (β1 = -.026; p >0.05). It was determined that enhancing customs verification and release procedure leads to enhanced trade facilitation performance (β2 = 0.182; p < 0.05). It was established that enhancing customs enforcement procedures leads to enhanced trade facilitation performance (β3 = 0.540; p < 0.05). It was concluded that enhancing customs verification and release procedure and customs enforcement procedures results in enhanced trade facilitation performance. To KRA, this study recommended improvement of customs procedures in trade facilitation to enhance trade facilitation performance. This study will guide the adoption of customs procedures meant to ensure trade is facilitated in order to enhance the growth and development of Kenya’s economy.
Post-Clearance audit and customs revenue collection: a case study of Namanga border station
(KESRA/JKUAT - Unpublished research project, 2019) Mwaniki, Kennedy Mwangi
Post-clearance audit (PCA) is the verification, review or audit of customs declarations through the examination of books, records, systems or other documentation held by traders or their agents after the goods have been ―released‖ from customs control. It is a key control methodology to facilitate the movement of goods through a risk-based selection process that moves border management organizations from a purely transaction-based process to an audit based approach. The study aimed to find out the effect of Post Audit Clearance on Customs revenue collection at Namanga border station, Kenya. The study was guided by the following specific objectives:- to determine the effect of selection of audit cases on the customs revenue collection in in Customs and Border Control Department at Namanga border station, to find out the effect of audit visits on the customs revenue collection in Customs and Border Control Department, Namanga station and to assess the effect of pre arrival clearance on Customs revenue collection at Namanga border station.The study adopted descriptive research design. The study target population was 350 Clearing Agents and KRA Staff. The study sample size was 35. This study used primary data collected through questionnaires. A pre-test on a different sample was carried out to give a Cronbach‘s alpha greater than 0.7 for all the variables as a rule of thumb. Data analysis was done by use of descriptive statistics and inferential statistics using Standard statistical techniques including Pearson correlation coefficient and regression analysis employed in the analysis. All the analysis was done using the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS Version.24). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) used to establish if there is a statistical significance between the observed and expected values with the Pearson Chi square giving the degree significance of the relations, hence establishing the hypotheses. The study found out that selection of audit cases, audit visits and pre-arrival clearance had a significant positive effect on customs revenue collection. Based on the findings, this study therefore recommends that the management of the customs department should ensure that the post clearance audit procedures are followed to the letter, the government of Kenya should formulate more policies to support and govern customs audit visits. This study further recommends that more policies should be formulated to govern pre-arrival clearance of goods imported from other countries
Influence of human resource management practices on employee performance: a case of Customs Department, Kenya Revenue Authority
(KESRA/JKUAT - Unpublished research project, 2019) Karuri, Kate Wangui
Every organization's success and failure depend on the quality of its human resources management practices. This study aimed to assess the impact on the performance of employees in the Kenya Revenue Authority’s customs department of HRM recruitment, training, compensation and performance evaluation practices. The study was designed in a descriptive way. For this, the target population of the researcher was 182 Nairobi custom officers and the KRA headquarters in Times Tower (Nairobi) had 224 human resources officers. The data were analyzed in order to determine the impact of HRM practices on employee performance through regression analysis. The data were used to analyze the Pearson correspondence statistical technique and regression. The study showed that recruitment is statistically significant for employee performance, training has a significant positive link to employee performance, and compensation is statistically significant for employee performance, and performance assessments. The study suggests that the organisation's recruitment process be fair and transparent. The company should train its employees regularly. The staff should be compensated appropriately. The report recommends that an important factor for employee performance is the performance assessment system.
The impact of non- tariff barriers on trade in the East Africa Community: a case study of free trade between Kenya and Tanzania
(KESRA/JKUAT - Unpublished research project, 2019) Chebon, Chemosop Phoebe
Many world economies have been embracing regional integration as strategy towards achieving an accelerated economic development, which is a key agenda for many states and promise given to electorates every time they elect the leaders. Despite globalization gaining prominence as countries are increasingly becoming borderless, available literature indicates that international trade is still faced with a myriad of challenges among them non-tariff-barriers (NTBs) with EAC not being an exception. This research project titled “non-tariff barriers in East African Community and free trade between Kenya and Tanzania” therefore endeavored to assess the status of implementation of the East Africa Common Market (EACM) Protocol goals, examine the existing trade barriers in East Africa Common Market, and explore how NTBs affect Kenya-Tanzania free trade and the EAC in general. Exploratory research adopted for this study where data collected from the sampled 25 key informants, various publications and annual reports were quantitatively analyzed and presented. The study was be guided by the following specific objectives:-To investigate the effect of Customs and Administrative Entry and Passage Procedures on trade in the East African Community, to find out the effect of Documentation Procedures on trade in the East African Community, to investigate the effect of Multiple Police Road Blocks and Mobile Control on trade in the East African Community. The study sample size was 25. This study used primary data collected through questionnaires. A pre-test on a different sample was carried out to give a Cronbach’s alpha greater than 0.7 for all the variables as a rule of thumb. Data analysis were done by descriptive statistics and inferential statistics using Standard statistical techniques including Pearson correlation coefficient and regression analysis employed in the analysis. All the analysis was done using the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS Version.24). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to establish if there is a statistical significance between the observed and expected values with the Pearson Chi square giving the degree significance of the relations, hence establishing the hypotheses. In multivariate analysis, multiple regression analysis models were used to determine the type of the relationship that existed between independent and dependent variables. The status of non-tariff barriers within the EAC reveal that efforts to eliminate NTBs are being made by the member states albeit riddled with conflicting national interests that make their success slow and sometimes unsuccessful. There is need to put more efforts in eliminating NTBs since findings indicate that they still persist.
Effect of automated customs procedures on trade facilitation a case of clearing and forwarding agents in Nairobi region.
(KESRA/JKUAT - Unpublished research project, 2019) Kosgei, Simeon Kiprotich
It is noteworthy to note that in the recent past, several international organizations such as the World Customs Organization (WCO), Organization for Economic Co-operation, Development (OECD), the World Trade Organization (WTO) the World Bank and the European Union, have seen the need to take a proactive approach to modernize systems and processes aimed at increasing efficiency and as a such, there has been commendations on the usage of information and communication technology in enhancing trade facilitation aimed at improving customs processes. Further, there has been an increasing need for the governments to collect much revenues as well as the traders to expand their financial position a trend which has become a necessity in the current global economic slump. The studies main objective of the study was to analyze the effect of automated customs processes and procedures on trade facilitation for the clearing and forwarding agents in Nairobi region. Specific study objectives were; to establish the effect of automated goods declaration process on trade facilitation, to establish the effect of automated verification on trade facilitation, to establish the effect of electronic payment on trade facilitation, to establish the effect of automated release on trade facilitation. The study employed a descriptive survey to establish how automated customs processes and procedures affect trade facilitation for the clearing and forwarding agents in Nairobi region. The study targeted 150 clearing and forwarding firms within Nairobi. The study employed semi structured questionnaires to collect data from the respondents. Using stata, the data was analyzed and findings were presented in form of frequency tables and graphs. The study also, conducted a multiple regression analysis to establish the relationship between the study variables. The findings of the study show that automation of customs procedures and processes in the forwarding and clearing firms improves services through faster electronic lodgment also, it enhances capacity building of the staff through training and use of the system, it improves the effectiveness of the process in terms of accessibility and reliability, it leads to reduction of costs associated to clearance of goods and less physical examination of shipment. Also, automation of processes leads improved collection of taxes, duties and less fraud. Further, automated processes has led to uniform application of laws and regulation as well as inbuilt security. The policy implication is that there is need for all firms involved in clearing and forwarding firms to fully embrace and automate the customs procedures and system as it leads increased trade.
Effects of authorised economic operator (AEO) framework on trade facilitation in Kenya.
(KESRA/JKUAT - Unpublished research project, 2019) Njagi, Arnold Eddie Njoka
Kenya Revenue Authority (KRA) among the various government agencies tasked with trade facilitation. It plays a critical role not only in providing expedited clearing processes but also in implementing effective controls that secure revenue, ensure compliance with national laws and ascertain security and protection of the society. In Kenya the prevailing inefficiency of trade documentation processes and lack of consultations with stakeholders when it comes to implementation of new policies has also been seen as a hindrance to trade facilitation. This study sought to determine the effect of the AEO programme on Trade facilitation in Kenya. The target population under study here was Clearing and Forwarding firms that were AEO compliant, out of which the researcher drew a sample of 23 firms using Simple random sampling. Data was collected using a well-structured questionnaire which sought to employ a Likert scale in its questions so as to ensure objectivity and straight forward answers. The data collected was analysed using SPSS and STATA, which are statistical softwares. The data analysed showed that the AEO programme had a positive effect on Trade facilitation in Kenya and the researcher recommended that Customs strengthens its collaboration with businesses so as to promote Trade facilitation. Regular communication on matters, customs, security and compliance was the most effective aspect of the AEO programme when it comes to Trade facilitation. This is due to the fact that it caused an increase of 31% to trade facilitation as compared to preferential treatment (27%) and mutual recognition (31%). The researcher recommended that Customs strengthens its collaboration with businesses so as to promote Trade facilitation.