4. 2022
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Item Effect of One Stop Border Post Initiatives on Trade Facilitation in Kenya : A Survey of Malaba, Busia and Namanga Border Posts(KeSRA/Moi Unpublished Research Project, 2022) Oche, Yedo ShibiaTrade facilitation is the streamlining and harmonization of international trade procedures that block the flow of goods, people and vehicles across international borders, resulting in increased costs of conducting business, delays in goods clearance, and a decrease in commodity flow. One of the main tools for ensuring that trade facilitation is completely achieved across national borders is the One Stop Border Post. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of One Stop Border Post Initiatives on trade facilitation in Kenya, with the specific objectives of determining the effect of border procedures on trade facilitation in Kenya, examining the effect of information and communication technology on trade facilitation in Kenya, and establishing the effect of the legal framework on trade facilitation in Kenya. Coordination theory, Technology Acceptance Theory and Territorialism theory are the theories that guided this study. The research utilized explanatory research design to determine the detailed causal effect between independent and dependent variables. The target population for this study was 526 employees from three agencies that are key players in everyday border customs operations: Customs, Bureau of Standards and Immigrations, as well as traders at Malaba, Busia and Namanga border stations who typically participate in the border process. A stratified random sampling technique was employed to draw the sample of 227 respondents. The primary data was collected using a self-administered closed-ended questionnaire presented on a five-point Likert scale. A Cronbach's alpha reliability coefficient of 0.7 was used as a threshold to accept the reliability of the elements in the questionnaire. Data analysis was done using Statistical Package for Social Scientists (SPSS) version .22. Descriptive statistics such as mean and standard deviation and further inferential statistics including correlation and regression analysis were employed to describe the results of the study. The model summary results revealed that there was a 50.3 % variation in trade facilitation due to changes in border procedure, information technology and legal framework. The remaining 49.7% of factors that may affect trade facilitation are infrastructure, information availability, and border agency collaboration. The study established that Border Procedure (β1=0.477, p=0.000), Information Technology (β2=0.214, p=0.003) and Legal Framework (β3=0.164, p=0.006) all had a positive and significant relationship on trade facilitation in Kenya. This study recommended that the border authorities should establish policies to strengthen and harmonize border procedures, deploy modern ICT infrastructure in all of their operations, and provide a proper and harmonized legal framework to facilitate trade. Future research should investigate into other factors that may influence trade facilitation in Kenya, based on the findings of this study.Item Effect of Customs Administration Procedures on Trade Facilitation in Kenya(KeSRA/Moi Unpublished Research Project, 2022) Wanjao, LorraineTrade facilitation contributes to economic growth and development among the trading partners by improving volume of trade and reducing costs of trade. Customs administrations find themselves increasingly under pressure from national governments and international organizations to facilitate the clearance of legitimate passengers and cargo. The general objective of the study was to investigate effect of customs administration procedures on trade facilitation in Kenya. The study was guided by the following specific objectives; to determine the effect of declaration of goods on trade facilitation, to establish the effect of documentation on trade facilitation, and to investigate the effect of verification of goods on trade facilitation in Kenya. The following theories were used to expound on the study; Resource-Based View Theory, Heckscher-Ohlin Theory, and New Trade Theory. The study used explanatory research design. Explanatory research design enables researchers to connect ideas to understand the cause and effect among variables. The population of this study consisted of customs officials whose total number is 200. Data was collected using a questionnaire based on the specific objectives. Diagnostic tests of both the independent and dependent variables were carried out to establish whether regression analysis test can be undertaken on them. The study adopted linear regressions analysis which indicates the influence of custom administration on trade facilitation performance in Kenya. The descriptive statistics of the study was presented through percentages, means, standard deviations out by the customs office and is an important part of customs procedures. The results indicated that declaration of goods had a positive and significant effect on trade facilitation (β = 0.416, p = 0.000); documentation had a positive and significant effect on trade facilitation (β = 0.200, p = 0.007); and verification of goods had a positive and significant effect on trade facilitation (β = 0.314, p = 0.000). From the study findings, the study concluded that customs administration procedures have a significant influence on trade facilitation in Kenya. The study recommended that Kenya Revenue Authority should enhance declaration of goods by ensuring that declaration of goods follows the international standards; should ensure accurate completion of required export documentation, comply with import/export documentation requirements and produce documents such as invoice for the goods; and should ensure thorough inspection of the goods, conduct complete inventory inspection and application of scanners in verification of goods. The study suggested that future studies could focus on customs administration procedures and trade facilitation in within the East African Community states for comparison purposes.Item Effect of Customs Reform Strategies on Customs Revenue Performance in Kenya : A Case of Embakasi Inland Container Depot(KeSRA/Moi Unpublished Research Project, 2022) Khisa, Joram FuchingoThe Customs and Border Control Department (CBCD) is one of the revenue departments within the Kenya Revenue Authority. Despite Kenya’s efforts in implementing custom reforms, customs and border control department has not been performing to the treasury’s expectations. The Kenya revenue authority therefore initiated various reforms in 2004/2005 with the objective of transforming Kenya Revenue Authority (KRA) into a modem, fully integrated and Client-focused organization, with enhanced revenue performance. These reforms were necessitated by Kenya’s customs revenue 0.84 percent annual decline over 1996-2005 period as affirmed by Moye and Ronge (2006). The study sought to examine the effect of customs reform strategies on customs revenue performance in Kenya, focusing on Embakasi Inland Container Depot (ICD) station, Nairobi County. In particular, the study interrogated the effect of information technology, capacity building, coordinated border management initiatives and customs processes/procedures reform strategies on customs revenue performance at ICD Embakasi. The study was anchored on two theories: technology acceptance model and porter’s theory of competitive advantage theories. The study adopted a descriptive research design. The target population was drawn from key international trade players, importers, exporters, transporters, clearing and forwarding agents, and staff from KRA’s customs department working at the Embakasi Inland Container Depot. Target population comprised of 351 stakeholders who participated in international trade at ICD Embakasi. The applied sampling technique was stratified random sampling that led to the selection of 187 respondents to from the study sample. Primary data was collected using a self-administered structured questionnaire on a 5-point Likert scale. Quantitative analysis was employed using the procedures within the Statistical package for social sciences (SPSS). Data was analysed using descriptive statistics, correlation and multiple regression analysis at 95% confidence level. The study findings found a strong positive correlation, as evidenced by an R-value of 0.75, between customs reform and customs revenue performance at ICD Embakasi-Kenya. The results also uncovered a statistically significant relationship between the information technology, capacity building, coordinated border management initiatives reform strategies and customs revenue performance at ICD Embakasi, as portrayed by p-values of 0.016, 0.029, and 0.005 <0.05. However, the research found no statistically significant relationship between the customs processes and procedures reform strategy and customs revenue performance as shown by a p value of 0.179 >0.05. Therefore, the study concluded that the information technology, capacity building, coordinated border management initiatives reform strategies had a significant effect on customs revenue performance at ICD Embakasi-Kenya. The study recommends adopting a post-clearance audit policy linked to the customs processes and procedures reform strategy for export and import clearance controls at ICD Embakasi. The study also recommends the need of formulating a risk management procedure outlining the essential risk assessment, treatment, consultation, communication and recording, and review and monitoring for improved customs revenue performance. The system should also stress the importance of proactive data collation, collection, and dissemination throughout the organization.