Browsing by Author "International Centre for Tax and Development"

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    Are Trade Rules Undermining Taxation of the Digital Economy in Africa?
    (International Centre for Tax and Development (ICTD), 2024-02) International Centre for Tax and Development
    African countries are currently considering provisions in the AfCFTA and at the WTO to liberalise digital trade. As they face mounting fiscal pressures, it is imperative that they beware the implications of digital trade provisions for their ability to tax their digital economy. In this paper, we develop a comprehensive framework for analysing the impact of trade rules on tax regimes in the digital economy, with a focus on Kenya, Rwanda, and South Africa. We explore how trade rules ostensibly shape tax policies and their implications for revenue generation. By examining rules regulating trade in services and the imposition of customs duties on electronic transmissions, we identify how these rules may directly impact tax policies and limit revenue generation possibilities. Moreover, digital trade rules, such as those related to data flows, localisation, and source code sharing, have the capacity to produce both indirect and administrative effects on tax measures. These rules can alter tax structures, taxation rights, data collection, and the capacity to monitor and implement tax measures. Our findings shed light on the complex interplay between trade rules and tax measures, highlighting potential challenges and opportunities for revenue generation from the digital economy in African countries.
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    Taxing Mobile Money in Africa: Risk and Reward
    (International Centre for Tax and Development, 2024-07) International Centre for Tax and Development
    Mobile money is a booming industry in Africa, with potential benefits for economic development and financial inclusion. Facing strong fiscal headwinds, a growing number of African countries have introduced taxes on mobile money and other digital financial services (DFS), some of which have generated strong resistance. Critics are concerned that such taxes may attenuate the growth in DFS and disproportionately impact the lowest income households. ICTD explored the impact of different approaches to DFS taxation in Africa through its DIGITAX programme, which ran from 2020 to 2024. The DIGITAX team and a network of independent researchers conducted research in Cameroon, Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana, Kenya, Nigeria, Tanzania and Uganda, as well as desk-based research with a broader geographical scope. This policy brief summarises the programme’s research findings and policy analysis.